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	<title>Pharmaceutical News &#187; Erectile Dysfunction</title>
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		<title>Erectile Dysfunction Treatment with Canadian Cialis</title>
		<link>http://www.pharmaceutical-news.org/erectile-dysfunction-treatment-with-canadian-cialis.html</link>
		<comments>http://www.pharmaceutical-news.org/erectile-dysfunction-treatment-with-canadian-cialis.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 12 Aug 2015 14:48:09 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Hank]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Erectile Dysfunction]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Canadian Cialis]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[erectile dysfunction]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Canadian pharmacy Cialis is a PDE5 inhibitor that is perfectly able to bring a considerable therapeutic effect in treatment of erectile dysfunction in men. It is the second after Viagra ED alternative widely prescribed as a medication featuring fewer side &#8230; <a href="http://www.pharmaceutical-news.org/erectile-dysfunction-treatment-with-canadian-cialis.html">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Canadian pharmacy Cialis is a PDE5 inhibitor that is perfectly able to bring a considerable therapeutic effect in treatment of erectile dysfunction in men.</strong> It is the second after Viagra ED alternative widely prescribed as a medication featuring fewer side effects and suitable for a greater number of patients. However, like any medication it has its specific features knowing which will enable you (if you&#8217;re thinking of taking Cialis) to make the entire treatment even more effective.</p>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">Why Canadian Cialis Is Undoubtedly a Better Option</h2>
<p><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-486" src="http://www.pharmaceutical-news.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Erectile-Dysfunction-Treatment-with-Canadian-Cialis-1024x626.jpg" alt="Erectile Dysfunction Treatment with Canadian Cialis" width="640" height="391" /></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">In terms of safety, quality and efficacy Canadian Cialis is totally equal to its brand-name counterpart; in terms of pricing they are at the opposite ends of the scale. <strong>Thus, at one of the most highly regarded online drugstores – Canadian Pharmacy – Cialis is charged perhaps the lowest price available on the market.</strong> However, is the price the only factor that matters? Certainly, not. The medication is not only decently priced; it is highly effective in ED treatment without causing severe side effects. Manufactured by the most reliable brands in the industry of generic medications Canadian Cialis will produce the same effect that you would wait from its branded version but at a substantially lower price. No doubt, this is a better option for ED treatment.</p>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">How It Works</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Like all PDE5 inhibitors Canadian Cialis works when you&#8217;re sexually aroused. Never ever take it recreationally – it is a medication! It works by dilating your blood vessels improving the flow of the blood to your genital area this way. This is an accurate imitation of your natural body response when you&#8217;re healthy. <em>Taken in advance before a sexual intercourse Canadian Cialis will enable you to achieve and maintain erection required for an intercourse.</em></p>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">What to Bear in Mind when Taking Cialis</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Basically, you should strictly follow the rule: right dosage taken in a right way. Cialis is known for its prolonged period of duration (much longer if compared with other ED medications). <strong>But! Remember, you won&#8217;t ever get a better result if you take more than directed.</strong> Your organism will show you what dosage is yours. Stick to it and you&#8217;ll never fail. Likewise, Cialis should be taken in a right way; since the medicine just like any other one can interact with other substances, your physician should be informed about all the medications you&#8217;re currently taking. Also note that you mustn&#8217;t take it simultaneously with any other ED drug. These are simple but essential basics observing which you won&#8217;t ever harm yourself.</p>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">Bottom Line</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Now you know everything about the medication as well as its usage. Your current task is to find a reliable pharmacy to purchase it from. Offered at Canadian Pharmacy Cialis www.canadianhealthcaremalll.com is one of the options to consider. Manufactured by one of the most reliable brands the medicine is a proven high-quality, safe and effective remedy used for ED treatment. Likewise, the pharmacy provides various special offers the advantage of which you&#8217;ll appreciate upon your first order.</p>
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		<title>Risk Factors of ED</title>
		<link>http://www.pharmaceutical-news.org/risk-factors-of-ed.html</link>
		<comments>http://www.pharmaceutical-news.org/risk-factors-of-ed.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 03 Sep 2014 15:29:25 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Hank]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Erectile Dysfunction]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[News]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Diabetes The pathophysiology of ED in men with diabetes mellitus (DM) is complex and multifactorial. Men with DM, even those without significant comorbidities, suffer from a wide range of sexual dysfunction Viagra in Australia online, including decreased desire and sexual &#8230; <a href="http://www.pharmaceutical-news.org/risk-factors-of-ed.html">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2>Diabetes</h2>
<p>The pathophysiology of ED in men with diabetes mellitus (DM) is complex and multifactorial. Men with DM, even those without significant comorbidities, suffer from a wide range of sexual dysfunction Viagra in Australia online, including decreased desire and sexual satisfaction. Prevalence of ED among diabetic men that has been reported in the literature ranges widely. Unfortunately, many studies either have not differentiated between DM Type 1 and Type 2, or were not done in Type 1 diabetics. The prevalence of ED among men with DM in the MMAS was reported at three times the general population, or 28% versus 9.6%. A more recent study evaluated self-reported ED in males with DM Type 1 and found a prevalence of 20% overall and 47.1% in those 43 years of age or older. Along with objective factors, such as decreased libido, men with DM Type 2 demonstrate organic causes with a decreased nocturnal penile tumescence.</p>
<p>Several cellular and molecular derangements have been described in diabetic men that contribute to the increased risk of ED in this population. Vascular injury is an important cause of ED in this population. At gross anatomical level, men with diabetes have an increased prevalence of cavernosal arterial insufficiency, thus impaired arterial response, on ultrasound. An early study reported impaired endothelial-mediated vasodilation upon exposure to acetylcholine, a parasympathetic agent, in cavernosal tissue of diabetic men with ED. Since this study, endothelial dysfunction in cavernosal tissue of diabetic men has been characterized by abnormalities including, but not limited to, increased apoptosis, oxidative stress, and overactivity of protein kinase C. Thus, the effect of DM on penile vasculature is mechanically similar to its effect on other vascular structures throughout the body. Although advanced glycation end-products have been demonstrated in cavernosal tissue, their significance remains unclear. While a majority of research has focused on diabetic ED as vascular phenomenon, there is at least correlational evidence that autonomic neuropathy plays a role in the development of ED in diabetics. The existence of ED in men with diabetes is also predicted by age and other complications of diabetes, such as retinopathy and depression.</p>
<p>A large national epidemiologic study was able to review a very large database of the diabetic male population through the use of managed care claims. The study used this database to determine the prevalence of diabetes in men with and without ED. The prevalence of diabetes in men with ED was found to be much higher than the general population. Twenty percent of men suffering from ED were also found to have been diagnosed with diabetes; this is in comparison to only 7.5% in men without ED. Given this finding that men with ED are twice as likely to have diabetes as those without ED, the diagnosis of ED may indeed serve as a useable marker for diabetic screening. A similarly large national study in 2005 evaluating men with ED found four specific comorbidities to be significantly prevalent among men carrying the diagnosis of ED. The authors even suggested that ED may be used as an observable marker for all four: hypertension, hyperlipidemia, depression, and diabetes.</p>
<h2>Treatment of ED in Diabetics</h2>
<p>Although treatment of ED is discussed later in the book, it is prudent to mention here that certain trials in the past decade have been specifically dedicated to the treatment of ED in diabetic males. A retrospective analysis of data from twelve placebo-controlled trials evaluated the efficacy and safety of tadalafil for the treatment of ED in diabetic males. They confirmed that diabetic men have more severe ED than controls at baseline. Interestingly, they also found that baseline erectile function in the diabetic males correlated inversely with baseline HbA(1)c levels. They concluded that although ED was found to be more severe in the diabetic population, response to tadalafil was only slightly lower than controls for the treatment of ED.</p>
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		<title>Stop Premature Ejaculation Naturally: Why Masturbation May Not Work for You</title>
		<link>http://www.pharmaceutical-news.org/stop-premature-ejaculation-naturally-why-masturbation-may-not-work-for-you.html</link>
		<comments>http://www.pharmaceutical-news.org/stop-premature-ejaculation-naturally-why-masturbation-may-not-work-for-you.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 25 Apr 2014 16:28:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Hank]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Erectile Dysfunction]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Premature Ejaculation]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Learning how to stop premature ejaculation and knowing how to last longer in bed may be the key to regaining your manly pride. This is mainly because as a man, your ability to satisfy a woman sexually plays a large &#8230; <a href="http://www.pharmaceutical-news.org/stop-premature-ejaculation-naturally-why-masturbation-may-not-work-for-you.html">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em><strong>Learning how to stop premature ejaculation and knowing how to last longer in bed may be the key to regaining your manly pride.</strong></em> This is mainly because as a man, your ability to satisfy a woman sexually plays a large role in determining how you feel about yourself. It affects your self esteem, how you relate to women and even how confident you are in dealing with the day to day issues in your life.</p>
<p>Knowing that you cannot fully satisfy any woman you take to bed because of early ejaculation is emasculating. <em>This is not only because of what you fear the woman will be talking about with her friends after the embarrassing encounter, but also because deep down, you will feel that you have failed as a man.</em> When this is left to go on over a prolonged period of time, it can cause permanent psychological scars. It is thus important that you learn how to stop premature ejaculation as early as possible so as to start managing your condition as early as possible.</p>
<p><em><strong>The truth is that managing premature ejaculation is quite easy.</strong></em> It is inexpensive since all that you have to do is to learn how to control the ejaculatory process with your mind. This mainly requires simple exercises which can be done at home and even in bedroom. These exercises do not even demand that you set aside a lot of time from your schedule. <em>All that you will need is a little bit of effort on your part and the right information on how to go about treating premature ejaculation.</em></p>
<p>Given the number of people suffering from premature around the world, it is not surprising that everywhere one looks, there is a lot of information and advice about premature ejaculation. People have come up with &#8220;tips&#8221; and &#8220;tricks&#8221; that they claim can help treat premature ejaculation. Viagra online w<em>hile there is a lot of valuable information out there, it is advisable that you be careful about what you choose to believe and what not to. This is because some of the &#8220;tips&#8221; and &#8220;methods&#8221; that people claim are useful in helping one stop premature ejaculation, are actually counterproductive.</em></p>
<p><em><strong>Men suffering from premature ejaculation are sometimes usually advised to masturbate right before having sex.</strong></em> They are told that this is likely to help them last longer in bed. The reasoning behind this advice is that after a person ejaculates, some time has to pass before he gets excited enough to ejaculate the second time. This makes sense and in some instances, it actually works in helping some people prolong the time they take before they ejaculate.</p>
<p><em>However, there are two problems with this kind of advice.</em></p>
<p><strong>1. <em>The first is that when using masturbation as a technique to stop premature ejaculation, you may actually find it difficult to get an erection when you really need to and before having sex.</em></strong> This can be very embarrassing and is sometimes worse than ejaculating prematurely. This is because when a man ejaculates, he loses his erection and the penis becomes relaxed. It usually takes sometime before one can get a hard erection. This has made some people to assume that they are suffering from erectile dysfunction when in reality it is a natural biological process. <em>Therefore, when deciding to use masturbation to stop premature ejaculation, you have to ensure that your timing is good or that you get easily aroused.</em></p>
<p><strong>2. <em>The other problem with using masturbation to stop premature ejaculation is the fact that you may end up conditioning your mind and body to cause early ejaculations.</em></strong> This is because masturbation is a way of seeking a quick relief from sexual tension with the sole object of ejaculating. When done continuously, the body may adapt to cause quick ejaculations and thus your condition may end up being worse. <em>This is the major reason why it is inadvisable to use masturbation as a natural technique of controlling premature ejaculation.</em></p>
<p><em>This does not however mean that all people who masturbate are likely to suffer from premature ejaculation.</em> The truth is that when done rightly, it is possible to actually lean to control your ejaculation by masturbation. The reason for this is that when masturbating, it is possible to know what excites you sexually and how your body responds when excited. It is possible, through masturbation, to get to know how exactly your body reacts just before you ejaculate. <em><strong>Using this knowledge, it then becomes easy for you to use other natural methods to stop premature ejaculation such as the &#8220;start and stop&#8221; method.</strong></em></p>
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		<title>Erectile Dysfunction in Young Men and What Causes It</title>
		<link>http://www.pharmaceutical-news.org/erectile-dysfunction-in-young-men-and-what-causes-it.html</link>
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		<pubDate>Sun, 23 Jun 2013 14:07:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Hank]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Erectile Dysfunction]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[Erectile dysfunction in young men is a statement that seems far-fetched according to many people. It is believed that erectile dysfunction is a condition that normally affects old people i.e. people over the age of 40. This fact might have &#8230; <a href="http://www.pharmaceutical-news.org/erectile-dysfunction-in-young-men-and-what-causes-it.html">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>Erectile dysfunction in young men is a statement that seems far-fetched according to many people.</strong></em> It is believed that erectile dysfunction is a condition that normally affects old people i.e. people over the age of 40. This fact might have been true in earlier times, but not today. Nowadays, many young men suffer from ED all around the world. This statistic is even made worse by the fact that most of them do not seek medical advice for their condition. They prefer not to disclose this condition and live with it. Before we can continue with the causes and possible cures for erectile dysfunction in young men, let us look at this condition. <em>ED is a sexual disorder that is common among men and is characterized by a person lacking the ability to achieve and sustain an erection during sexual intercourse. <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Young men are becoming susceptible to the condition because of their lifestyles.</span></em> Various reasons can cause ED in young men. Doctors often have a difficult time diagnosing the exact cause of erectile dysfunction in young men. However, research has shortlisted some potential causes of this disorder in young men around the world.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.menshealthpro.org/erectile-dysfunction-in-young-men-and-what-causes-it.html/erectile_dysfunction_remedies" rel="attachment wp-att-252"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-252" title="erectile_dysfunction_remedies" src="http://menshealthpro.org/wp-content/uploads/erectile_dysfunction_remedies.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="215" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em>Some of those causes include:</em></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>Psychological issues:</strong></em> These issues play a large part in causing dysfunction according to many researchers. <em>Some of these issues may include anxiety before sexual activity, especially if you are doing it for the first time, sexual issues which occurred at an early age and other mental issues.</em> If the young man&#8217;s mind is not in a sexual state, sexual intercourse becomes very difficult because sex is a state of mind.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>Health ailments:</strong></em> Health conditions that are poor can cause erectile dysfunction in young men. <em>Obesity, heart disease, diabetes, and many more affect the man&#8217;s sexual function.</em> Surgical procedures can also affect a young man&#8217;s ability to get an erection.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>Lifestyles that are unhealthy:</strong></em> The lifestyles that most young men lead are very unhealthy and this makes them prone to sexual disorders like ED. <em>Bad habits like binge drinking, smoking, hard drugs and stimulants are very common in college situations.</em> College and high school students will often indulge in such behaviors so that they can fit in with their peers. What they do not know is that these habits have a direct impact on their health and especially their sexual health. <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em>Alcohol, cigarettes, stimulants and hard drugs affect the nervous system thus blocking brain signals responsible for sexual stimulation and arousal.</em></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>If you are a young man suffering from the erectile dysfunction, you can use certain treatments, which can help you deal with the condition.</strong></em></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em>They include:</em></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>Medical treatments:</strong></em> Oral pills are the most popular forms of medical treatments. It is no different with erectile dysfunction in young men. Most of these pills are <a title="PDE5 inhibitors" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDE5_inhibitor">PDE5 inhibitors</a> like Viagra Australia, Levitra, Sildenafil Australia and many more. Injections, pellets, prosthetic implants and surgery complete the list of ED medical treatments.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>Natural treatments:</strong></em> This is by far the best form of ED treatment that you can indulge in. This is because the cures are not harmful to your health and do not have serious side effects unlike the medical treatments. <em>Herbs, spices and aphrodisiacs fall into this category and have the power to cure erectile dysfunction.</em> Other natural home remedies include eating plenty of green veggies, fresh and dry fruits. This will certainly go a long way in easing the symptoms of ED.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>Psychological treatments:</strong></em> Seeking the services of a therapist might also cure the problem completely. Counseling will help determine the exact cause of the psychological problems causing ED. <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em>Erectile dysfunction in young men can be and is very serious condition, and none of the above treatments should be attempted before consulting a doctor.</em></span></p>
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		<title>Erectile dysfunction: the problem</title>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 07 Jun 2013 09:26:20 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Hank]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Erectile Dysfunction]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[Erectile dysfunction (ED) is defined as the persistent inability to achieve and then maintain an erection to permit sexual intercourse. In the general population ED affects, to a varying severity, up to 52% of men aged 40– 70 years. In &#8230; <a href="http://www.pharmaceutical-news.org/erectile-dysfunction-the-problem.html">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><em>Erectile dysfunction (ED) is defined as the persistent inability to achieve and then maintain an erection to permit sexual intercourse.</em></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">In the general population ED affects, to a varying severity, up to 52% of men aged 40– 70 years.</span> In 1995, it was estimated that ED affected over 152 million men worldwide. As ED increases in incidence with age (a man aged 70 years is three times more likely to have ED than a man of 40 years) and as we are an ageing population, it is estimated that by the year 2025, over 300 million men worldwide will suffer some degree of ED.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Consequences</strong><br />
<em>ED is a very distressing condition that not only has a negative impact on the man’s sexual ability but also has damaging repercussions on the couple’s quality of life.</em> ED leads to depression, anxiety and loss of self-esteem and can contribute significantly to 20% of marital breakdowns. <strong><em>Men are reluctant to seek help for fear of not being taken seriously or out of embarrassment and become isolated within their relationship, which may lose all aspects of intimate contact.</em></strong> <em>The tragedy is that treatment is readily available and highly effective, yet for many not utilized. <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Nearly 90% of men who have successful treatment for their ED report significant improvement of emotional and overall well-being.</span></em> Encouraging men alone or with their partners to seek help is therefore a major challenge.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Causes of ED<img class=" wp-image-354 alignright" src="http://www.pharmaceutical-news.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/8b927246-99d2-4f78-9552-8da0f9ef26e6-300x203.jpg" alt="8b927246-99d2-4f78-9552-8da0f9ef26e6" width="240" height="162" /></strong><br />
The aetiology of ED was regarded until recently to be predominantly psychogenic, but with our increasing knowledge of the physiology of penile erection and pathophysiology of ED, it is now recognized to be mainly an organic condition, with vascular disease responsible for 70% of cases. <strong><em>For most men, the cause may be multifactoral, especially in the elderly (75% of men aged over 80 years have ED), with endocrine, cellular, neural and iatrogenic causes exacerbating vascular ED or being independently causative.</em></strong> Organic ED will have psychological consequences which must be recognized and addressed as part of the overall management.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Physiology of penile erection</strong><br />
<em>A penile erection occurs in response to stimuli which may be visual, erotic, olfactory, auditory and tactile. It is a neurovascular event that may be modulated by hormonal and psychological factors.</em> On sexual stimulation, there is increased parasympathetic activity and decreased sympathetic activity. The parasympathetic nerves release the neurotransmitters, the most important of which is nitric oxide (NO), which is also released by the endothelium. NO activates a soluble guanylate cyclase, which in turn raises the intracellular concentration of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). <em><strong>Cyclic GMP then activates a specific protein kinase, which leads to the inhibition of calcium channels and the opening of potassium channels. The end result is relaxation of the smooth muscle in the penile arteries and the spongy tissue of the corpora cavernosa.</strong></em> A several-fold increase in blood flow to the penis occurs and, as the penis becomes erect with intracavernous pressures up to 100 mgHg, venous out flow is occluded and the erection is sustained. Cyclic GMP is regulated by phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), which enzymatically degrades and inactivates this cyclic nucleotide. Penile rigidity is lost and flaccidity returns. Australia viagra online &#8211; cheap and high-quality.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><em>When we consider the cascade of events, there are several areas where disturbances in the neurovascular sequence might lead to ED, but most attention has focused on PDE5 and its inhibition. </em></strong></p>
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		<title>Medication for the healthy?</title>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 27 Feb 2013 16:45:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Hank]]></dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[Modern Western culture does not restrict medication to the medically ill. Herbals, dietary supplements, and over-the-counter drugs, as well as highly publicized medications for sexual function such as Viagra (sildenafil) and Cialis (tadalafil), have blurred the categorical boundary between the &#8230; <a href="http://www.pharmaceutical-news.org/medication-for-the-healthy.html">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong><em>Modern Western culture does not restrict medication to the medically ill.</em></strong> Herbals, dietary supplements, and over-the-counter drugs, as well as highly publicized medications for sexual function such as Viagra (sildenafil) and Cialis (tadalafil), have blurred the categorical boundary between the sick and the well. An extensive review and discussion of the practice of taking such substances is beyond the scope of this book. It is important, however, for the clinician to carefully review the reported effects on sexual function of a substance used by a patient, as available at MEDLINEplus, and to have a clear view of what the substance purports to do in the area of sexual functioning. <em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The distinction between an aphrodisiac and a drug to enhance physiological response is key in this regard.</span></em></p>
<p><strong><em>For example, Cheap Viagra Australia and Cialis are not aphrodisiacs.</em></strong> They do not increase one’s desire for sex; they augment erectile activity and usually require stimulation—physical and psychic—to be effective. Testosterone, on the other hand, acts on the libido without significantly increasing erectile response. <em>Thus, if a healthy man has erectile dysfunction and a normal testosterone level, there is no reason to give him exogenous testosterone for the erectile dysfunction. In a double-blind, placebocontrolled crossover study,</em> Raul Schiavi and colleagues reported that there was no effect on erectile functioning when testosterone was administered to men with erectile dysfunction. Only a slight increase in ejaculatory frequency was noted, and this was not connected with the participants’ self-reports of any increased sense of sexual desire.<br />
<em> The question of medication use by the healthy to enhance sexual function most often arises in connection with the process of healthy aging.</em> The normal aging decrements in function versus the limitations caused by a disease process is a complicated and controversial subject. For an approach to this question, I look at the question of the aging body and sex.</p>
<p><strong>THE AGING BODY AND SEX</strong></p>
<p>From the perspective of a healthy, albeit aging, body, the ability for sexual activity resembles that for any other physical activity. <em>In this view, sexual functioning is similar to jogging, swimming, hiking, and climbing stairs: <span style="text-decoration: underline;">the more one has done this in the past, the better one is able to do it now and in the future.</span></em> There may be a general decline in motivation, speed, and endurance, but if essential health is a quality of the aging body, the ability to perform physical activities will remain essentially intact. In the sexual realm, at least for healthy men, a parallel decline in the sensory/neural and autonomic functioning of the genitals is part of the aging process. Erections are slower to attain, briefer in duration; seminal ejaculate is less; and orgasmic pleasure is satisfying but less intense than in earlier years.</p>
<p><strong><em>Will a healthy older person be able to function sexually?</em></strong> The simple answer is, “The past is prologue,” as research studies on sex and aging have taught us. At least for elderly married men, past patterns of sexual activity are strong indicators of sexual vitality in older age. <em>The more complex answer is, “It depends.” Whether or not an older person is interested in sex and is sexually active depends on a number of factors other than physical health.</em> Availability of a partner, quality of the relationship, history of sexual expression (or lack thereof), competing interests or commitments (e.g., chosen celibacy) are some of the factors that predict sexual activity in an aging person. These factors are best understood in the life story and behavior perspectives, and I return to examine them in later chapters.</p>
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<p>One carefully designed study captures many of the issues involved in sex and healthy aging in men. Raul Schiavi, at the time a psychia trist and sex researcher at Mt. Sinai School of Medicine in New York City, recruited a sample of men (ages 45 to 75) carefully screened to minimize the effects of disease or medications as confounding factors in sexual functioning. <em>Seventy-two heterosexual couples were interviewed, the spouses separately, about their sexual lives together.</em> The men participated in nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) sleep studies in which erectile tumescence (erection) was monitored with strain gauges attached to the penis. Much to the surprise of the investigators, a high proportion of the men above 65 who failed to have full erections during sleep were, by their own and their partner’s independent reports, able to have intercourse regularly and were quite satisfied with their sexual lives.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The strong suggestion in this finding is that compromised physiological status (abnormal NPT) can be overridden by the physical and emotional stimulation of a spouse.</span> The relationship of sex and aging is a complex phenomenon, not given to simple single-cause explanations. While disease processes and “normal” decrements in function are factors to be reckoned with, in real life, many factors enter into the picture. <strong><em>Other perspectives, especially the life story perspective, with its emphasis on value and meaning, need to be employed at this point to give due regard to the complexity of the lives involved.</em></strong></p>
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